William Shakespeare s We Didn t Start The Fire

Patrick Baker Mrs. Conn Honors English II 24 November 2015 Shakespeare’s thoughts on Modern Culture To aide in this paper, I have chosen the song â€Å"We didn’t start the Fire,† by Billy Joel to help provide modern events that William Shakespeare’s works can relate to. Shakespeare’s plethora of works provide information about his thoughts on society during his life. Many events and topics that are seen in modern culture are relatable to events that occurred during Shakespeare’s life, such as government, assassinations, and controversies. Shakespeare’s characters from his many plays reflect his thoughts and provide an instant ability to connect modern culture back through Shakespeare’s writing. Government in England during the time of Shakespeare’s life consisted of a Monarchy. In the United States the governmental system used is a Representative Democracy (Kurtus). Shakespeare in his life had a strong view on government, â€Å"Fit to be govern? You’re not fit to live,† (Macbeth) Shakespeare writes this as Macduff frets over the future of Scotland with Macbeth in command. Shakespeare writes these lines talking about Macbeth, but the lines send a message about Shakespeare’s thoughts on government. Shakespeare’s opinions would still be strong today, with corrupt political systems, the United States needs a man such as William Shakespeare to bring attention through literature to the ruins of our nation’s political system. Literature has been a crucial part in theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet957 Words   |  4 PagesKaitlyn Wright April 4 Period 2 Romeo and Juliet Essay Romeo and Juliet is a romantic-tragedy play written in 1595 by playwright and actor William Shakespeare. Shakespeare demonstrated in the play that is set in Verona, Italy, a tale of two families that have been feuding since before they can even remember. 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Surrealism Essay - 957 Words

History: Surrealism is one of the most distinguishing movements of art. It was proclaimed by the poet Andrà © Breton in Paris in 1924. It is defined by Breton as â€Å"Pure Psychic automatism, by which one tries to express verbally, in writing, or by any other method, the actual process of thinking.† It’s goal was to liberate thought from the oppressive boundaries of rationalism. The source of artistic creativity for surrealism was inspired by the unconscious mind, particularly dreams. The Surrealist movement emerged from Dada art in Europe after world war one. Dada art sought to break all other art movements with an anti-aesthetic style. On the other hand, â€Å"Surrealism’s emphasis was not on negation but on positive expression.† Surrealism†¦show more content†¦Either way, a dream state was conveyed. Surrealism objects and sculptures Breton wanted objects to be seen in all its strangeness for the first time. Unlike with Dada art, the strategy was not to make the objects for the sake of shocking the middle class, but to make object surreal. The goal of it was â€Å"the displacement of the object, removing it from its expected context.† He sought to defamiliarize the object from normal circumstances, and to have it seen without its cultural context. A famous Surrealist that are known for their three dimensial work is Dali. He formalized surrealist objects. One of his most famous works is called Lobster Telephone, which is exactly what it sounds like- a lobster on a telephone. It illustrates the untrustworthiness of objects. Similarities with the objects such as the similar shape and texture of the lobster and telephone receiver suggest that people â€Å"may be foolish to take for granted the inanimate innocence of our telephones†. Surrealist objects also are inspired by the workings of the unconsci ous mind, and depict a dream like state, and is described by Breton as â€Å"the objectification of the activity of dreaming, its passage into reality.† Since surrealist objects are easily made, they relied more on assembly rather than craftsmanship. Surrealist films Surrealism was the first art movement to experimentShow MoreRelatedSurrealism Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will examine the relationship between surrealism and artist film, cinema and gallery work. An art film is a motion picture originally created for a confined audience as opposed to a mass market. 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These were types of writings, paintings and, documentaries that no one had ever seen before. From expressionism to Dadaism types of work ranged by all means of the artist. AboutRead More Art, Surrealism, and the Grotesque Essay4657 Words   |  19 Pagesare volumes of Freudian art criticism, which typically begin by calling attention to manifestations, in some work of art, of the darkest desires of the id. Perhaps in no field of art criticism does Freuds name appear more frequently than in surrealism, and for various reasons, the grotesque figures very strongly in that art movement. From the association of surrealist art and Freud, we can derive a cursory understanding of the grotesque in this breed of Modernist art: the grotesque appearsRead More Dali and Surrealism Essay examples709 Words   |  3 Pages which he sees it as his whole life. Another element could be Gala, who is the person that he adored. Dali drew either a portrait for her or he drew her watching the scene of the picture. The last element was sexuality, which he gained from the Surrealism. He either drew nude women either for enjoying it or, in sometimes, he drew nude persons as a symbol of poverty and slavery. In his picture â€Å" Slave Market with Disappearing Bust of Voltaire† (1940) Dali gathered between all the three elements landscapeRead MoreEssay on Surrealism and Salvador Dali2128 Words   |  9 PagesSurrealism and Salvador Dali   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surrealism is defined as an art style developed in the 1920s in Europe, characterized by using the subconscious as a source of creativity to liberate pictorial subjects and ideas. Surrealist paintings often depict unexpected or irrational objects in an atmosphere or fantasy , creating a dreamlike scenario ( www.progressiveart.com 2004). The word Surrealism was created in 1917 by the writer Guillaune Apollinaire. He used it to describeRead More Surrealism Of The Temptation Of Saint Anthony Essay514 Words   |  3 Pagesthat it was time to rely on the subconscious as a way to analyze the world. These people became known as Surrealists. One of the most famous surrealist artists was Salvador Dalà ­. Dalà ­Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s piece The Temptation of Saint Anthony is a prime example of Surrealism. Surrealist paintings are described as dreamlike and fantastical. Much of Dalà ­Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s paintings were images he had dreamed up. He said that he would paint what almost seem like photographs from his dreams. Dalà ­ took Sigmund Freud’s idea that dreamsRead MoreEssay about Surrealism and Radically New Approach816 Words   |  4 Pagesadvertising (magazines, television, etc.) in which the influence of surrealism is apparent (provide pictures of the ones you select). A movement in art and literature originated in Paris (1924) by Breton. Formulated at a time when phsychoanalysis was gaining ground, surrealism aimed to liberate into the creative act the image-forming powers of the unconscious and so transcend reality as it is conceived by the day-to-day intelligence. Surrealism emerged out of dada, and it claimed writers, including de QuinceyRead MoreEssay on Surrealism and Harlem Renaissance Two Historical Art Periods973 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: SURREALISM AND HARLEM RENAISSANCE Surrealism and Harlem Renaissance Two Historical Art Periods Elisa Montoya Western Governor’s University RIWT Task 1 May 13, 2013 SURREALISM AND HARLEM RENNAISANCE Comparing and Contrasting the Two Art Periods â€Å"Surrealism and Harlem Renaissance† 2 While there are many different historical art periods I will bring together two that I found to be extremely interesting. There are so many wonderful facts about all the different art periods

Applied Managerial Dision Making Free Essays

Applied Managerial Decision Making MGMT600-1301B-03 Phase 3 individual project Rocklyn Kee Colorado Technical University Online Professor Donald Pratl March 11, 2013 There are 500 employees in the sales force of Company W that are spread out over Southeast, Northeast, West, and Central regions. The company has recently incorporated a new software program in and attempt to monitor how many sales are generated by each employee. It is expected that each month each region should sell the same aamount of products. We will write a custom essay sample on Applied Managerial Dision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has been noted that over the last three months however that this expectation has only been reached by half of the employees in each region. Before a decision can be made on possible theories as to why this is, some statistical testing must be done. Company W knows that there are different techniques that can be used to statistically analyze this issue. The one that we will be discussing here will be non-parametic statistics and hypoyhesis testing along with chi-square distribution testing of data. Let us begin by first defining these terms for a better understanding. Hypothesis Testing This is a technique that is applied sequentially by businesses in order to obyain concluions in regard to population utilizing information obtained from a sample. This information is gathered so as to enable a decision to be made as to the acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis by the researcher. The researcher makes a decision on two types of hypotheses the null (Ho) and the alternative (H1). Th e research is actually done on the null hypothesis, as this is the one that trys to reject the hypothesis statement by proving it to be untrue. The researchers testing end result will do one of two things accept or reject the null hypothesis statement. Should the statement be proving to be untrue and rejected, the alternative hypothesis would in turn then be accepted. CTU Online, (2013) * Non-parametric Statistics This is what is known as an assessment to categorically apply information. The informationcan be ordinal or nominal. The researcher will be allocated to classify information that is presented as qualitative for variables that are nominal, while the researcher will be allocated by ordinal variables th categorize the presented information so it can be ranked. There will be no formulated statements from non-parametric analysis in regard to the information that is presented by the researcher. The ANOVA, (analysis of variation) is a commomlly used method of non-parametric. The researcher does an analysis with the ANOVA to see if there is a differentation among groups, and if the mean of them are the same. With a null hypothesis the ANOVA will determine if the information that has been presented has the same means, while with the alternative hypothesis it will determine if the information has defferent means. CTU Online, (2013) There is a one way method and a two way method for an ANOVA analysis that can be used by the researcher. There is only one factor for the researcher to test for equality of the presented information in the one way method, and the two way mwthod allows for distinguishing if there may be another factor. * Chi-Square Distribution Use Two types of information can typically be generarted when variables have no pattern, categorical or numerical. Researchers’ employ using the chi-square distribution in order to unmask the distinctions and to see if they are independent. Categorical variables are specific variables with no fixed numerical value, and numerical type variables are numerical. In this regard there are question asked like, what type of work do you do, or do you own a vehicle? These types of questions are categorical variables because of the answers which would be for example, construction and yes or no, which are different responses from that of other questions like, what is your weight or what is your GPA? , that are numerical variables. These can be continious or discrete, for instance; how many homes do you own? This is discrete. What is you height? This is continious. The counting of particular things is where the discrete data comes, and measuring a particular thing is where the continious data comes. CTU Online, (2013) * Using Chi-Square Analysis There can be a fluctuating in the testin using of the chi-square analysis based on the collected information, such as in this case of the representatives that reached the quotas and those who did not. In relation to the null hypothesis the statement would be, the sales representatives using the new sales software were able to meet their sales quotas vs. he sales representative not using the new sales software where not able to meet their quotas. The null in this statement cannot be proven to be true, because there is no proof that the sales representatives that used the new software were the ones to meet their quotas and the ones not using it where the ones who did not. Theory here is that the null hypothesis is false, and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. T his means that the same amounts of products were not sold by representatives using the new sales software. To develop statements of truth in regard to issues and problems in order to accurately classify is why researchers do hypothesis testing. The researcher has to have a complete understanding of the question or issue in odere to collect, analyize, and interpret data. A researcher has to analyze different theories statistically in order to be useful in educated business decisions making. Voelz, V. , (2006) References: . CTU Online. (2013). Applied Managerial Decision Making www. ctuonline. edu Voelz, V. , (2006). Hypothesis testing www. standford. edu How to cite Applied Managerial Dision Making, Essay examples

Cause and Effect Anime free essay sample

People like to watch anime because it is interesting to watch and have lots of genre. The personality of each character is perfect for each genre and for the storyline of the anime. Anime is referred as â€Å"Japanese Animation†. Anime can cause an effect to people. The effect can be bad or good. Some example of the negative effect is people withdrawn from social life, become an obsessive person, and they make the personality of the character to be their personality.People can be a hikikomori (people choose to withdraw from social life) if they watch too much anime. They said watch anime is an outlet for those who do not have an opportunity to express themselves and also for those who want to escape reality even just for a short period of time. They become shut to other people and spend more time in the bedroom. Anime can make people want to watch more anime. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause and Effect Anime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, my friend did not like anime at all, but after he watching anime for the first time, he can not stop watching anime anymore. People who spend most time to watch anime can become an obsessive person. For example, my friend watching anime almost all the time he have. He likes the personality of character named Yui in anime K-ON, then he bought a collection figures of that character. The worse is they looking for partnership based on the character personality. People like to imitate the whole behavior of the character that they like the most in that anime.In other word, they want to become the character of that anime. If the character they like is an antagonist or the villains in that anime, they can start to act like that character in real world or they create their personality to match the character. For example, they like anime Detective Conan, and they like character named GIN from the black organization. The personality of this character is he do not mind killing people who can become an obstacle to achieve his goal.They start to imitate all the behaviour of GIN including the behaviour of killing people if they think that person as an obstacle to achieve his goal. As we can see, the negative effect of the anime is more than the good effect. They can make people to shut from social life, compare other people personality with the character of the anime, and they make his personality equal to the character they like, but we can not live without it because watching anime is one kind of hobby too.

4 Career Tips All Successful Millennials Utilize

4 Career Tips All Successful Millennials Utilize You’re coming of age in a different world than your parents’ world. The job market is very different and rewards very different things. The market, for example, seems to reward passion more than it ever has, and above most other things. Successful millennials understand this and adapt accordingly. With that in mind, here are 4 unconventional tips for any millennial starting out in their career.1. Take the time to travelThis is definitely not the standard starting-out advice, but that doesn’t mean it isn’t good advice. So if you’re interested in other countries or other cultures, take a year and travel. Expose yourself to life in third-world and developing countries. Volunteer. No employer will look down at you for having taken that time to learn and expand your worldview, especially if you can build it into a broader narrative of what kind of career you’re looking for.2. Go by who you are, not what you earnTake a career test to figure out wha t you enjoy doing the most and what you’re best (or worst) at. Then, once you know, don’t set yourself up for misery or failure at a job doing something you’re just not suited for. No amount of money will make you happy in a bad situation. Do what you like and what you’re good at, and the rest will fall in place.3. Now is the time to go for brokeYou’ll never be as free to take financial risks as you are now, while you don’t have children or a mortgage. Use this time to start businesses or pursue new ideas (or travel). Even if they fail, you’ll learn an immense amount that can make a huge difference in the rest of your professional career.4. Be an entrepreneurAgain, now is your time to take risks. So many people want to be entrepreneurs and never give themselves a chance to try. If you’re an idea person, go for it. Worst case scenario: your venture fails. It will teach you something valuable about the next!Keep in mind youâ€⠄¢re in an amazing place in your life and career. Don’t waste your moment being too careful or risk averse. Go after what you want while you have time!

Drawing development described by Luquet and Piaget Essays

Drawing development described by Luquet and Piaget Essays Drawing development described by Luquet and Piaget Essay Drawing development described by Luquet and Piaget Essay Luquet was one of the first to get down researching into the development of pulling utilizing a cognitive development theory and let go ofing a book in French during 1927. He described differing phases of pulling development which a kid will go through through ; this became known as the phase history. Luquet thought that after a period of scrabbling that kids go through, there were four phases of pragmatism which kids will besides travel through. These were thought to be causeless pragmatism, failed pragmatism, rational pragmatism and ocular pragmatism. Causeless pragmatism shows the kid s drawing as largely scribbles but the kid can see existent life objects within the Markss. The kid will make this once more and once more and notice these accidental representations, until they reach the point where they will put out meaning to pull something representational from existent life. The kid will be come ining the 2nd phase which is failed pragmatism when they systematically set out with the purpose to pull something resembling existent life. During this phase an grownup can see an grownup can see what the kid has set out to pull although it can look like there are many errors with of import characteristics missed out and objects non ever where they should be, ( such as a kid s drawing of a parent, where the parent has a face but no organic structure, with its legs and weaponries widening out from the caput ) . Intellectual pragmatism occurs when betterments of the kid s concentration and attending occurs, intending the drawing will picture outstanding of import characteristics of the object. This is the phase where the kid will experience it is of import that the shaping characteristics in the form are drawn. To accomplish this, the kid will utilize transparence, pull certain characteristics as if like a program, and pull certain things broken down. However this prospective is different to how the object is seen in existent life and the kid notices this and will get down to go concerned about pulling this manner. This leads to the kid desiring to pull life like representations of an object and this takes the kid into the 4th phase, ocular pragmatism, which means that the kid will pull on object from one position and will merely pull the objects characteristics from the same position. In 1956 Piaget took the work of Luquet s ( 1927 ) phases of pulling to utilize to develop his model, which excessively was utilizing a cognitive development theory, Piaget did nt see pulling as a particular portion of development, but instead a window into the general cognitive development of a kid. For him, a drawing showed the cognitive competency of a kid instead than what phase of development they were at. For the most portion, Piaget agreed with Luquet s theory and both of there models has similar phases of development for kids s drawing. There are certain strengths for their theory which include that they seem to explicate seeming phases of acquisition, back uping grounds for this was shown by Clark ( 1897 ) who studied kids aged 6 to 16, they were asked to pull an apple with a hatpin go throughing through it, the younger kids were found to pull a uninterrupted line while the older kids tended to merely pull the seeable parts of the pin, and Freeman A ; Janikoun ( 1972 ) who studied cups that were drawn by kids. The cups had a flower form and were positioned so that grip or flower form was either seeable for the kid or non seeable for the kid, they found that they younger kids drew the grip even when it was non seeable where as the older kids merely drew what they could see. However, the failings for Luquet/Piaget s phase theory are that the functions of civilization and environment had non been taken into consideration. Evidence against their phase theory has been shown by Selfe ( 1977, 1995 ) who studied graphics of talented kids and autistic initiates. She studied a immature miss with autism who could pull singular images, the drawings she studied were produced by the kid between the ages of 3 and 9, and said that the misss images were singular because they were done while she was so immature and because Nadia ( the immature miss ) did non demo that she had any type of ability to see conceptually. This goes towards demoing that non all kids will trav el through the phases that Luquet and Piaget suggest, but whether this is merely for kids with conditions such as autism is non presently known. Barret, Beaumont A ; Jennett ( 1985 ) besides provide grounds against Luquet and Piaget s phase theory by speaking about the instructions which the kids received, for case, did the kids receive standard instructions ( with the teacher stating pull precisely what you see from where you are sat ) or whether the kid received expressed instructions ( with the teacher stating pull precisely what you see from where you are sat, look at it really carefully so you can pull it merely as you see it ) . They found that when kids received the standard instructions 11 % of the kids got the pulling correct, and when the kids received the expressed instructions 65 % of the kids got the pulling correct. Harmonizing to Luquet ( 1927 ) , kids move bit by bit from one phase to the following and that they can still pull from pervious phases in when they are in that last phase, this is because they may still desire to stand for something in a different manner. He suggests that the ground kids will pull the same things over once more without them changing much is non due to habit but that they prefer to pull it in that manner. Luquet s theory should non be considered as merely a phase theory as he had many other points to add to it, including the two above, for this ground kids s pulling ability should be seen as more of a unstable gesture, since a kid will come on through the phases but can easy steal back if they want to, leting them to stand for non merely the portion of the object that they see but the whole of the object. Kellogg ( 1970 ) used a Renaissance man theory and took a different attack by proposing that drawings of kids are merely forms as kids merely draw things that show what they perceive as good signifier . She found that normally when a kid reaches 5 or 6 old ages old, that most kids will be able to pull a reasonably accurate and complete individual ; this is because by this age most kids will hold formed a pulling expression which allows them excessively continuously and systematically pull an accurate image of a individual. She thought that some forms can be seen in kids s scratchs and that it is these forms that can so be used to organize a image. Kellogg did hold that pulling made usage of the base of representational experience but says that the usage of the lines would differ. Kellogg did come up with a descriptive categorization that had the visual aspect of developmental patterned advance by looking at 1000s of kids s drawings and analyzing them closely. These pulling showed th at the development passed from basic scratchs so diagrams, so shapes eventually traveling to uniting forms, she suggests that when a kid reaches that phase the kid is working as an creative person. Willats ( 1977 ) used a perceptual theory but agreed that drawings can be seen as representations but thought that kids could perchance see perceptual jobs when they try to pull a 3D image on paper ( a 2D infinite ) . He besides suggested that kids can alter the solutions to these jobs as they grow older and develop. Willats ( 1977 ) took kids aged from 5 to 17, and showed so a existent scene, the kids were asked to pull what they saw from a fixed position point. When the kids had finished their drawing Willats chose to sort the drawings utilizing a drawing system which gave a certain mark to a image. The mark was given based on the figure of right representations of occlusion by convergence. There are many pulling systems and during this probe six were found, and it was shown that it was the older kids who used the more complex systems. Willats found that there were distinct phases at which the development took topographic point which was found to cover all the ages of the kids test ed, this besides showed that the ability to utilize overlap appears uninterrupted, with few kids utilizing convergence at under 9 old ages old with kids larning fast between the ages of 10 and 12 old ages old. Arnheim ( 1974 ) used a Renaissance man theory and had suggested that a kid will pull an object which will demo the shaping characteristics ( as the kid see s them ) in the simplest manner for the kid to be able to pull them within a piece of paper ( 2D infinite ) . One illustration that was given of this is that a kid will most likely draw an animate being from the side so that the relationship between its legs, tail, and any other shaping characteristics are seeable leting people to clearly see what animal it is, while a kid will pull a individual from the forepart, leting the facial characteristics to be depicted and besides demoing the symmetricalness of these characteristics doing it clear that it is a individual. This was supported by Ives A ; Rovet ( 1979 ) who systematically found that kids of any age who had passed the scribble phase, and were asked to pull an object that was familiar but without seeing the object, all used those specific ways of drawing. Luquet and Piaget are the two large names when it comes to looking at the development of pulling in kids, but much more research has been done since Luquet s initial research in 1927 which was popularised in 1956 by Piaget. They both took the cognitive development attack to pulling development which may hold been why they both agreed on the phase theory, with research by others looking into different attacks to pulling development. There is a batch of support for Luquet and Piaget s theory of phases of pulling development, and although it has a few unfavorable judgments, the chief one being that it does non account for any cultural differences, most psychologists will hold that there is some signifier of phases of development that a kid will travel through when it comes to pulling development. Another unfavorable judgment of Luquet and Piaget is that it does non believe about the kids with such developmental conditions as autism and asperger syndrome. These conditions can affect hold s and damages in the development of the kid s communicative and societal accomplishments, which may detain the kid in some country s of development, while other kids with these types of upsets have been shown to be good at certain things which including drawing, with some kids demoing singular promotion in pulling. It besides depends on the instructions that the kids are given as to whether they get the pulling correct or non, and so the teachers have to be careful how they ask the kids to pull the object otherwise it may act upon how they draw the object.

XBUS Quail Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

XBUS Quail - Assignment Example It was on March 18th 2011 at approximated time of 8:30 in the morning. There were two officers: Officers 4 and Officer 3, who were on their assignment at a subway station in Manhattan on West 72nd street. They came across five teenage boys shoving one another at about ten yards away near the subway platform that was crowded with many people. The two officers walked towards to five boys where Officer 3 shouted at the five boys telling them to stop the shoving of one another but they went on with the shoving. When the other officer approached, he yelled, â€Å"Freeze, if you know what is good for you.† When the teenagers received the caution from Officer 3, they stopped shoving one another and they began talking to the other officer. There was a woman, 42 year-old, Ms. Smith who was standing at the subway platform got curious of the activities of the officers and the boys. She tapped Officer 3 on his shoulder and then asked the officer why they were disturbing the boys. He turne d around and said, â€Å"Back off or I’ll take you in too.   I’m busting my ass to save your ass.† Officer Four came to Ms. Smith and Officer 3 after speaking to the five boys. When he noticed the Ms. Smith was questioning his fellow officer, Officer 4 said, â€Å"We don’t need this type of crap.   Let’s go.† It was then when Ms. Smith recorded their budge numbers and their names on her cell phone when the two officers walked away as they continued with their patrol. After all this, it was then when Ms. Smith filed her complaint with the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB). On her complaint, she stated that both the officers were discourteous. She also stated that Officer 3 had threatened to arrest her. She claimed that she believed the two officers had questioned and stopped the teenagers since they were Hispanic and black and there were other reason for bothering them. After being

How would you reconcile one strand of the literature which says that Essay

How would you reconcile one strand of the literature which says that culture is a unifying force in organisations with another s - Essay Example A crucial driving force for sustainable organisational development is cultural diversity based on employees from different societies and ways of life. â€Å"By valuing cultural diversity, organisations can prevent segregation and fundamentalism, and promote innovation† (Bhattacharya, 2010, p.86) and creativity. Further, diversity is a key human resource strategy; hence, organisations comply with legislation and also drive business success through selection and retention of talent. Organisational agility built on stability and reconfigurability helps businesses to effectively and rapidly respond to increasingly dynamic environments caused by technological, political, and economic change. As opposed to strong unitary cultures, the emergence of organisational subcultures with similar values as the dominant culture, has been found to increase the functional agility of firms (Boisnier & Chatman, 2002). Similarly, countercultures with a pattern of values and philosophy rejecting tho se of the organisation (Schermerhorn, 2006) serve to increase corporate creative diversity. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to correlate two approaches; one which views culture as a unifying force in organisations, and the other which values organisational subcultures and countercultures as a source of creative diversity. Organisational Culture Promotes and Unifies Diversity To encourage cultural diversity, it is essential for organisations to endorse culture as the set of spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional characteristics of a social group. Culture includes social mores, value systems, traditions and beliefs. It creates identity, social unity, and a knowledge-based economy. The diversity of cultures in an organisation should be respected through mutual tolerance, communication and cooperation. This is possible through ensuring an organisational environment of reciprocal trust, understanding, solidarity, and intercultural exchanges. Efficient management o f a diverse workforce and pooling of their collective efforts, leads to increased creativity, organisational proficiency and competitiveness. Cultural diversity expands the range of options available for each employee, and promotes organisational development through economic growth. Bhattacharya (2010) supports this view, and observes that cultural diversity promotes â€Å"a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral, and spiritual existence† (p.86) for all members. On the other hand, diversity does not necessarily result in increased organisational effectiveness. Although it is widely acknowledged that cultural diversity leads to several potential benefits to an organisation, it would be necessary to pursue those benefits to realize them. Additionally, â€Å"the challenges presented by diversity may negatively impact organisational performance unless properly managed† (Trefry, 2006, p.568). With globalisation, increasing communication and information technology, various organisations grow into world-wide networks, or establish units spanning multiple nations. Kellner (2002) theorizes the globalisation process as ‘cultural homogenization’ employing the transmission of capital, commodities,

MY Major has a Major Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MY Major has a Major Problem - Essay Example Despite the differences between these flaws, each of them represents a serious threat that needs to be addressed to secure growth, profit and success to firms. Various deficiencies have been noticed in managerial practices that range from problems in human resource management (HRM), business ethics and quality management, failure to understand management theory to the deregulation in the industry and the failure of businesses to join their forces. All these limitations represent a serious obstacle to business growth and endanger its security and success. In this article: â€Å"Spotlight on New Research: A Business Process Approach to Human Resource Management† the researchers find flaws in human resource management very problematic and mainly responsible for most failures in businesses. They consider that this matter has always been a problem for firms and hold it responsible for many bankruptcies (Cakar, Bititci, and MacBryde). The management of resources requires much commit ment and inner qualities, which many people do not possess, and the lack of this quality represents a real threat for firms. Besides, in addition to issues in human resource management, other problems have been identified in similar fields. ... Limitations in human resource management combined with the lack of business ethics and quality management will not guarantee a successful business but lead to a certain downfall. Similarly, some managerial tools and techniques have been found very deficient and not helpful for businesses. Therefore, it belongs to managers to identify the best practices that ensure growth and disregard those that have failed. This study: â€Å"Management Practices Driving Sustained Business Success† indicates that the success of businesses depends on the ability of managers to distinguish between the tools that work from those that do not (Gronholdt and Martensen).Therefore, some managerial tools may cause more problems with serious consequences to firms. Even though all techniques have been set up to secure growth, some practices have been found seriously deficient and not helpful for businesses. It takes much craft and vision for the best managers to recognize the traps of these limited tools and avoid putting them in practice. Among these flaws deregulation takes an important place because it implements unfair competition and endangers the stability of business. This article: â€Å"Integrating Business Processes for Global Alignment and Supply Chain Management† reveals that the lack of a genuine cooperation between firms and the supply chain causes various problems that result in deregulation, which constitutes a serious threat for corporate businesses (McAdam and McCormack). This danger faces firms in many countries where the collaboration between businesses is not secured and clear rules are not implemented. Another major deficiency in managerial practices

Comparison of Buying Behaviour: Own Brand and Label Food

Comparison of Buying Behaviour: Own Brand and Label Food CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION In the UK, for nearly two thirds of consumers, own-label is an important reason to shop in a particular store. Value for money, availability and the breadth of products on offer are the key factors attracting customers to own label products. (Mintel Report, 2007). Own-label brands give consumers the opportunity to find something new at a supermarket, while branded is the same whichever store a consumer buys from. Consumers are increasingly careful about their grocery shop, using forward planning and budgeting to control the amount they spend. Shopping habits have become more price-focused with rising numbers of consumers looking for the lowest prices and special offers. Retail brands do not yet command the same degree of brand loyalty that the big brand names do, even though many consumers do agree that taste and quality are often on a par. (Mintel Report, 2008). According to Mintel report (2006) when it comes to choosing brands over own-label products, familiarity and trust are important criteria. Europe is the most developed region of the world for own label groceries and in Europe, own label is growing faster than manufacturers brands. Own-label brands and ranges can span all categories, something manufacturers brands cannot do. This presence builds trust and strengthens own-label branding. Retailers are able to suppress prices below competitors. The scale and flexibility of own-label production can also lead to a quick response to changing consumer needs and occasions. Consumer buying behaviour has remarkably influenced by the current credit crunch/recession. (Mintel Report, 2006) The UK is also experiencing a large increase in immigration. In October 2005, National Statistics reported that a record 582,000 people came to live in the UK from elsewhere in the world. It also predicted that the population might increase by up to 7.2 million over the next 25 years, with more than half the rise being attributed to immigration. This will boost overall demand for all retail goods. Own label or private brand can be hard to establish and costly to stock and promote. However, they also yield higher profit margins for the reseller. And they give resellers exclusive products that cannot be bought from competitors, resulting in greater store traffic and loyalty. (Mintel Report, 2006) The study is an investigation in to the current issues concerned with consumer buying behaviour for branded and own-label food. Consumer buying attitude has been greatly influenced by the current credit crunch and nine out of ten consumers thinking their financial situation has got worse over the last 12 months. (Mintel Report, 2008) This study will investigate the factors that influence buying behaviour of consumers shopping at an ALDI store. Factors such as price, quality of products, family size, culture, particular food product, financial background, gender and different age groups of consumers will be considered. Two thirds of consumers are looking out for deals/promotions, over half only buy what they need and just under a third go to discounters or cook from scratch more often. (Mintel Report, 2008). According to Foley (2008) ALDI is a rapidly grown discount supermarket and growing rapidly, pulling in thousands of new customers trying to save a few pounds on their weekly shop. ALDIs big boast is that it carries a limited range i.e. just over 1000 products (and only 15 brand names) compared with the 25,000 product lines in a supermarket such as Tesco, but buys in huge numbers and gets top quality. ALDI rigorously controls costs and their stores are all basic. There is no fancy flooring or fixtures. The lighting is definitely not designed to enhance the products. You dont take the shop home, only the food†. It is the same product but it doesnt cost more because of its decoration. In order to save money; over four in ten consumers buy more own-label value lines, buy own-label products more often or have switched to cheaper brands. (Foley, 2008). Individuals aged between 15-34 shows the greatest growth in the tendency to look for the lowest prices. Between 2006 and 2011, the number of people over 65 is projected to increase by 10.1%, increasing their proportion of the population as a whole from 21.6% to 23.4%. This obviously means that the proportion of the population who are retired, on fixed incomes, and, therefore, managing on tighter budgets will increase, this should maintain interest in lower-cost, own-brand goods. Furthermore this research will also focus on quality of branded and own-label food products from a consumer perspective. Assumptions that an own label is a cheap version of the manufacturer brand; is not evident. The gap in quality that was evident over a decade ago has been reduced in recent years. This is supported by Chaney, 2004 who concluded that every sale places the retailers highly valued name at risk and this has meant that there is increasingly little difference in the quality level of own brands compared to manufacturers brands. (Chaney, 2004). 1.1 Aims and Objectives 1.1.1 Aims The study aims to investigate consumer buying behaviour with regards to branded and own-label food products using ALDI as a case study. 1.1.2 Objectives 1. To carry out a literature review on consumer behaviour with regards to purchasing food and the current issues concerned with branded and own-label products. 2. By use of a case-study and questionnaire determine consumer behaviour with regards to branded and own label food products. 3. To compare and contrast the quality of own label and branded foods from a consumer perspective. 4. To analyze the primary data collected in the light of the secondary data in order to identify the key issues that influence consumer behaviour and the purchasing of own-label and branded food products. CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The aim of the literature review is to evaluate critically current data from research relevant to the aims and objectives of the project and evaluate the findings. 2.2 Evaluate critically the UK food retail market Seth and Randall (1999) stated that supermarkets across the developed world have been a key feature of the second half of the twentieth century, and the UK supermarket in its own right has, and in a world context, has been both important and distinctive. The UK is today often seen as the worlds most innovative retail market. Presentation and range, 06 goods including adventurous new chilled food and meal solutions are product fields that the rest of the world is still discovering; this has lead to researches such as, suggesting that it is difficult to fault UK sourcing energies or innovative drive. Next there is own-label. This plays an increasingly important and developmental role in this respect. They also mentioned that supermarkets activities have affected our lives and changed them as substantially as probably any other single influence. Supermarkets are universal, their customers drawn from all elements in society, from richest to poorest. It has been calculated that today the average British citizen will spend two years of their life or 3 percent of a normal waking life inside the doors of a supermarket. According to Embargo (1996), the average UK household spends over  £50 per week on food. Between us this amounts to 43 billion spent throughout the year. This is about 12 percent of total consumer expenditure, and a massive 85 per cent of this is spent in supermarkets. Embargo (1996) also stated that the British supermarkets are a 20th-century invention, offering the shopper unprecedented variety and convenience. From humble beginnings as a stall in Leeds or as West End Dairy, they have grown to dominate food retailing. Over 80 per cent of consumers regularly shop in supermarkets for food and basic household goods. According to Embargo (1996), one of the most significant trends in supermarket retailing is the growth in own-label sales relative to branded products. Own-label lines, sold under the supermarkets name, have become an effective way for the big stores to increase profits and build customer loyalty. Own-brand options are available for the majority of foods, offering consumers a wider choice of goods than ever before. (Embargo, 1996) According to Verdict Research (UK Food Grocery Retailers 2009 (April, 2009), in 2008 food and grocery specialists defied wider retail market gloom, increasing their combined sales by 5.0% to  £124.1bn. Grocers performed especially well with sales ahead by 5.6% their strongest growth since 2001. Food price inflation has driven market growth. Higher energy costs, a series of crop failures and growing food demand from China pushed UK food grocery inflation up to 6.4%. Even price-keen grocers experienced their highest rate of inflation in 17 years at 4.7%. (Verdict Research, April 2009) According to verdict Research, April 2009) the credit crunch and subsequent recession, plus inflation have had a profound impact on consumer behaviour and the wider dynamics of grocery retailing. Price, or more specifically value, now sits firmly at the top of the consumer agenda. Customers are searching for the best prices and increasingly switching to own label or alternative brands. (Verdict Research, April 2009) According to Verdict research i.e. UK Retail Futures 2013 (April 2009), though food grocery will significantly outperform the wider retail market, the recession is resulting in an unprecedented change in consumer behaviour. The discounters are enjoying impressive growth, while the major grocers focus on enhancing value credentials, leading to what we believe will be long-lasting changes to the grocery market. Verdict believes two key drivers will inhibit growth in food grocery over the next five years. Firstly, with consumers more cautious and trading down, value growth will slow. Secondly, grocers will find it tougher to open new stores especially superstores, with space and volume growth easing as a consequence. (Verdict Research Retail futures, April 2009) Grocers are focusing more effort on developing their own-brand offers, either through lower prices or through the introduction of new ranges to build scale, increase choice, promote value credentials and boost margins. (Verdict Research Retail futures, April 2009) 2.3 Evaluate critically Factors that affect UK food retail market According to Kathawala (1989), quality may mean different things to different people, for instance, Juran defines quality as â€Å"fitness for use† while Crosby defines it as â€Å"conformance to requirements†. Their definitions imply a quality standard equated to that of satisfying the customers demand. Deming defines quality as â€Å"surpassing customers needs and expectations throughout the life of the product†. Feigenbaum indicated the ever-changing and elusive nature of quality when he defined it as â€Å"a moving target†. Kathawala (1989) mentioned, a comprehensive definition of quality would include all four aspects, â€Å"Conformance to requirements, surpassing customers needs and expectations throughout the life of the product, quality is a moving target, quality is fitness for use†. (Kathawala, 1989). Armstrong and Kotler (2007) stated that, quality has a direct impact on product or service performance; it is closely linked to customer value and satisfaction. He claimed, in the narrowest sense, quality can be defined as â€Å"freedom from defects†. But most customer-centered companies go beyond this narrow definition. Instead, they define quality in terms of creating customer value and satisfaction. According to Armstrong and kotler, (2007) The American Society for Quality defines quality as the characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied customer needs. Similarly, Siemens defines quality this way: â€Å"Quality is when our customer comes back and our products dont†. (Armstrong and Kotler, 2007). According to Solomon (1996), consumer satisfaction or dissatisfaction is determined by the overall feelings, or attitude, a person has about a product after it has been purchased. Solomon (1996) also mentioned that, product quality affects customer satisfaction, which in turn, results in increased profitability among firms who provide quality products. Consequently Quality is more than a marketing buzzword. Customers want quality and value. Especially because of foreign competition, claims of product quality have become strategically crucial to maintaining a competitive advantage. Consumers use a number of cues to infer quality, including brand name, price and even their own estimates of how much money has been put into a new products advertising campaign. Solomon (1996) mentioned that, one way to define quality is to establish uniform standards to which products from around the world must conform. This is the intent of the International Standards Organization. Seth and Randall (2000) stated that, the supermarkets know that they rely absolutely on their customers confidence in the safety of the food they buy. They work hard to deserve that confidence, and their record shows that they do. According to Smith (1997) â€Å"Quality is about listening to our customers and delivering more than they expect. Its about paying attention to the smallest details and getting it right first time, every time. Most important, quality is a continuous process that involves every employee. By making small improvements every day, we can make real progress and deliver increasingly higher levels of customer satisfaction. Quality allows us to measure and compare our performance against the best in class. It sets the standards for our support services and enables us to focus training and development on the most important areas†. According to Solomon (1996), â€Å"Perception is the process by which physical sensations, such as sights, sound, and smells, are selected, organized, and interpreted. The eventual interpretation of a stimulus allows it to be assigned meaning. A perceptual map is a widely used marketing tool that evaluates the relative standing of competing brands along relevant dimensions†. (Solomon, 1996) As a result consumers have a particular perception of a particular product, they expect and know what to expect from branded. Therefore the non-branded product must as far as possible meet these perceptions if it is to compete with the branded product. A cheaper product may compensate for some variation but the own brand product must be recognisable by the consumer. Almost every business has a trading name, from the smallest market trader to the largest multi-national corporation. Only a minority of those businesses however, have what could be classed as a ‘brand or a ‘brand name. Branding is a word commonly referred to by advertisers and marketing people. Armstrong and Kotler (2007) stated that, â€Å"a brand is a name or symbol that is commonly known to identify a company or its products and separate them from the competition†. They go on to say a well-known brand is generally regarded as one that people will recognise, often even if they do not know about the company or its products/services. These are usually the businesses name or the name of a product, although it can also include the name of a feature or style of a product. The overall ‘branding of a company or product can also stretch to a logo, symbol, or even design features (E.g.: Regularly used colours or layouts, such as red and white for Coca Cola.) that identify the company or its products/services. (Armstrong and Kotler, 2007). For example: The Nike brand name is known throughout the world, people can identify the name and logo even if they have never bought any of their products. However, not only is the company name a brand, but the logo (The ‘tick symbol) is also a strong piece of branding in its own right. The majority of people that are aware of the company can also identify it (or its products) from this symbol alone. The clothing and running shoe company Adidas is well known for using three stripes on its range of products. This design feature branding allows people to identify their products, even if the Adidas brand name and logo is not present. (Armstrong and Kotler, 2007). 2.4 Strengths and weaknesses of own-label food and drink. Table 1: Strengths and weaknesses of own-label food and drink, as stated by Mintel, (2006). According to Business Services (2009), the main benefit of branding is that customers are much more likely to remember a business. A strong brand name and logo/image helps to keep a company image in the mind of potential customers. If a business sells products that are often bought on impulse, a customer recognising a brand could mean the difference between no-sale and a sale. Even if the customer is not aware of selling of particular product, if they trust that brand, they are likely to trust unfamiliar products. If a customer is happy with your products or services, a brand helps to build customer loyalty across the business. For example Marks and Spencer is recognised by consumers as offering a specified standard of quality they therefore assume if they buy any food product from Marks and Spencer the product will be of the same quality standard. (Business Services, 2009). A strong brand will project an image of a large and established business to potential customers. People usually associate branding with larger businesses that have the money to spend on advertising and promotion. The creation of effective branding can make business appear to be much bigger than it really is. An image of size and establishment can be especially important when a customer wants reassurance that particular brand will still be around in a few years time. (Business Services, 2009). A strong brand projects an image of quality in the business; many people see the brand as a part of a product or service that helps to show its quality and value. According to Business Services (2009), if you show a person two identical products, only one of which is branded, they will almost always believe the branded item is higher quality. Over time the image of quality of an effective branding business will usually go up. Of course, branding cannot replace good quality, and bad publicity will damage a brand (and businesses image), especially if it continues over a long period of time. For example: The Sunny Delight drinks brand was one of the biggest in the UK just a year after its launch. However, constant bad publicity about the quality of the product has severely damaged the image of the brand, and sales have dropped for each of the past several years. (Business Services, 2009). A strong brand creates an image of an established business that has been around for long enough to become well known. A branded business is more likely to be seen as experienced in their products or services, and will generally be seen as more reliable and trustworthy than an unbranded business. Most people will believe that a business would be hesitant to put their brand name on something that was of poor quality. (Business Services, 2009). If a business has a strong brand, it allows you to link together several different products or ranges. A brand name can be used on every product or service a company sell, meaning that customers for one product will be more likely to buy another product of same brand. For Example: Sony sells televisions, music equipment, consoles, camcorders, DVD players, video players, and etc all under the Sony brand name. Creation of separate brand names for product ranges allowing people to see brand name, and then use the range brand name to work out what they wish to buy. For Example: Cadburys makes a range of confectionary under many different sub-brand names such as Dairy Milk, Boost, Flake, and Time Out. All of these are sold under the product brand, but all feature the Cadburys brand name on the packaging. (Business Services, 2009). A strong brand is memorable, but people still need to be exposed to it, this often requires a lot of advertising and PR over a long period of time, which can be very costly. There are also costs involved with the creating of a brand image or logo (Paying for a designer, printing new letterheads/business cards etc.), and although most of these are only one off costs, they are still relatively large for most small businesses. The exposure of a brand can be left to word of mouth, this will save money, but will also greatly slow down the exposure that the brand receives. (Armstrong and Kotler, 2007). One of the main problems with many branded businesses is that they lose their personal image. The ability to deal on a personal basis with customers is one of the biggest advantages small business have, and poorly designed branding could give customers the impression that a business is losing its personal touch. (Business Services, 2009). Every brand has a certain image to potential customers, and part of that image is about what products or services a company sell. If a company is known for selling just one product and want to sell another product, will that company be able to do so effectively? If a company sell computers, would that brand name be suitable for selling vacuum cleaners? If a brand is focused too strongly on one product, it can limit the ability to sell other products. (Armstrong and Kotler, 2007). The process of creating a brand will usually take a long period of time. As well as creating a brand and updating your signs and equipment (e.g. stationary, vehicles etc), it need to expose to potential customers. It is commonly shown that people need to see an advert at least three times before they absorb it, which means that a company will need to advertise and promote the brand for a considerable amount of time before it will become well known. (Business Services, 2009). The continuing development of own-label brands can be largely attributed to ownership concentration in the retailing industry by multiples such as Tesco, Sainsburys and Asda. The two leading supermarkets, Tesco and Sainsburys have exploited this branding strategy to the extent that 50 percent of their sales are their own-label products. The supermarkets are committing considerable finances to their own-labels to increase their penetration. (Chaney, 2004). In marketing own-label brands the retailers have several advantages over manufacturer brands. Own-label brands can access the prime shelves as this space is controlled by the retailer. Manufacturer brands generally have to pay for the privilege of displaying and merchandising their goods. Furthermore, retailers, unlike the manufacturers, have knowledge of competitors sales figures and promotions. (Chaney, 2004). 2.5 Evaluate literature that relating to consumer behaviour According to Colla (2003), discount food retailing has experienced considerable expansion over the last ten years and currently occupies an important position in the European retail industry. According to Shine et al (1997), Consumers have become increasingly interested in nutritional issues over recent years. This interest in nutrition is fuelled by a number of factors including lifestyle, ageing population, dietary and safety concerns. The consumer is influenced by various sources of information such as the family/household, social network, â€Å"popular media†, and government dietary guidelines Shine et al (1997) also stated that majority of consumers consider diet to be a very important component of their lifestyles and regard nutrition as a positive attribute of food products. Increasing consumer interest in nutrition has led to an increased interest in nutrition labelling. Nutrition labelling was found to have an impact on consumer purchase decisions. Of those consumers who read nutritional labels, 81 per cent use them in their evaluation of food products. According to Baltas (2001), Nutrition labelling of food products has received considerable attention in the marketing literature due to increasing consumer interest in health and diet issues. He also stated, nutrition labelling of food products is intended to enable informed consumer choices and stimulate the consumption and production of healthful products. The effectiveness of nutrition labelling depends also on the organisation and presentation of the information, implying the importance of regulatory issues. Baltas (2001) stated that in the UK, more than 80 percent of surveyed individuals claim that they look at labels and that label information affects their purchase decision. Most consumers also use information on nutrition labels the first time they purchase a product and this then becomes a source of new knowledge they can draw on in subsequent purchases. Baltas (2001) also stated nutritional attributes are, of course, only a subset of objective and perceived characteristics such as price, taste and brand name determining consumer preferences. Their relative importance for the determination of consumption patterns may vary not only over people, but also across product categories and purchase occasions. According to Mintel, (Food Packaging UK, 2008) the most important consideration for consumers is that the packaging to compost is not always realistic. Mintel also stated, Four in five shoppers agreed that the food inside was not accurately depicted on the packaging. Nearly as many confirmed that it was sometimes hard to tell how much food was inside the packaging. (Mintel, Food Packaging UK, 2008). Shoppers at discounters; Morrisons and the Co-op found it harder to tell the quantity of food from the packaging it looks as though these supermarkets could be more accurate in their own-label packaging. Consumers should be able to take a good look at the food item they are buying to get an idea what it looks like and how much it contains. (Mintel, Food Packaging UK, 2008). According to Mintel (2006), significant differences are evident between the attitudes of men and women towards food packaging. Almost two thirds of women, compared to just over half of men, say that labelling is important when deciding what to buy. Womens role as the key grocery purchaser in many households has removed the need for men to study labels more carefully when choosing what to buy. However, growth of one-person households is expected to bring mens attitudes towards packaging more in line with those of women, as an increasing number of men take responsibility for doing their grocery shopping. According to Mintel Report (Food Packaging, 2006), â€Å"Consumer attention on the environmental impact of packaging is set to continue, with further debate anticipated on the sustainability of different packaging systems and the environmental impact of reuse, recycling and incineration. Biodegradable plastics are already emerging and a gradual wider acceptance of the concept is expected, while the pressure to engineer improved performance whilst utilising less material resources will continue to exercise packaging manufacturers†. According to Montgomery (2008), a study by the Co-operative Bank revealed that more than a third of people surveyed are making cuts in their weekly shopping spend. â€Å"Were typically spending  £68.33 per adult on the weekly supermarket shop, compared with an average of  £89.88 in 2007†. Montgomery stated that, its no surprise that the likes of Tesco, Sainsbury, Waitrose and Asda are feeling the pinch. (Montgomery, 2008). She also explain that the two key items to have dropped off our shopping lists are flowers and magazines, while next on the hit list is bottled water, expensive handwash and CDs, followed by wine, teeth whitening products, fabric conditioner, unsliced bread and nail polish. (Montgomery, 2008). Emma Thomas, from the Co-operative Bank, commented: People are being more conservative in their spending and are finding that cutting back on luxury items can help make a difference. Developing a household budget is essential to keep spending in check and to identify ways costs can be trimmed. (Montgomery, 2008). â€Å"Thanks to the credit crunch, the budget supermarket chains, such as Cost-cutter, Aldi and Lidl, have been transformed from the haunt of cash-strapped students to the savvy housewifes favourite†. (Montgomery, 2008). Montgomery (2008) stated that, sales at Cost-cutter (budget supermarket) have grown by 6.2% so far this year. Lidl came out as the cheapest supermarket after a recent survey carried out by â€Å"Which?† magazine. Montgomery (2008) explains that in a price comparison of a typical shopping basket, the publication found that Aldi was 3% more expensive, while Tesco was 21% more expens

A Separate Peace, The Natural, The Scarlet Letter, and The Old Man and the Sea :: Separate Peace Essays

A Separate Peace, The Natural, The Scarlet Letter, and The Old Man and the Sea In the society-centered world that has existed for thousands of years, Emerson's and Thoreau's recommendation of living as a self-reliant individual can be a difficult task to accomplish. Society puts pressure on its members to conform to its standards. Nonconformists are shunned by society and as a result have difficulty retaining their nonconformist position. According to Emerson's Self-Reliance, though, this nonconformist, independent stance is the only thing that can bring a person peace. Emerson believes a truly great man lives in the world, but at the same time trusts himself, believes in himself, and is, in a word, independent. Many people have applied the ideas of Emerson and Thoreau not only to their lives, but also to the characters in books they have read, regardless of whether the author intended such interpretation. The ideas of Emerson and Thoreau can be applied to many of the novels we read in class this year, including The Natural, A Separate Peace, The Old Man and the Sea, and The Scarlet Letter. In each of these novels the main character experienced many difficulties in which he either succeeded or failed. The successes and failures of any particular character were a result of his self-reliance or of his society-reliance. In The Natural, by Bernard Malamud, the main character, Roy, failed to focus on what was best for him because of his reliance on society rather than on himself. This problem became evident early in the story when the woman Roy met on the train shot him. Had Roy focused on his game, perhaps gone out and practiced baseball rather than visited the woman, he never would have gotten shot. Having such skill as he had, he could have easily signed with the Cubs, and he could have had an extraordinary baseball career. Unfortunately for him, Roy put too high a priority on his relationship with the woman from the train. As a result, Roy's baseball career not only didn't start for another 10-15 years, but also was nothing compared to the career he would have had with the Cubs. Generally, people learn from their mistakes. As Malamud writes on page 217, "He [Roy] thought, I never did learn anything out of my past life, now I have to suffer again." Rather than straightening out his priorities in the years between the time he was shot and the time he actually played baseball, Roy made no change.

Media in Court Cases

Media in court cases has many effects. One of which is the possibility that the Medias opinion may result in tainting the jury with unproven facts. As humans we make decisions based on how we perceive the world and the information we have on decision we are going to make. Pre-Trial Publicity â€Å"Due to extensive media coverage, jury selection in a high profile case can be extremely difficult. Jurors will likely have developed some biases about the case based on the media coverage to which they have been exposed†( â€Å"Media Influence In Capital Cases†,  2011).Under the 6th amendment you have the right to a fair trial by an impartial jury of your peers. That becomes extremely difficult and possibly impossibly when the media open a flood gate of â€Å"facts† and opinions before the case has even begun. In some instances they have to relocate to court case to an area where the media coverage of the case has not been so rampant just too find impartial jurors. Wh ich just increase the cost of the court case. Not only can media influence the opinion of the jury but also the public.During the Casey Anthony case the media had a barrage of legal professionals condemning this women before the final verdict was concluded. TIME magazine called it† The Social Media Trial of the Century† (Varma,  2011). No matter what the outcome of the case that person will never have a normal life. â€Å"According to data  from  NM  Incite,  64  percent  of  people  on  Twitter  disagreed  with  the  Ã¢â‚¬ not  guilty†Ã‚  verdict,  while  only  1% agreed (35% were neutral)†( Varma,  2011).Because of media allowed in courts this woman is considered guilty by 64% of people, even though she was found not guilty. References Media Influence in Capital Cases. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. capitalpunishmentincontext. org/issues/media Varma, A. (2011). Twitter: Only 1% Think Casey Anthony Innocent. Retrie ved from http://www. socialnomics. net/2011/07/08/twitter-only-1-think-casey-anthony-innocent/

Epithet in Homers Iliad and Odyssey

Epithet in Homers Iliad and Odyssey Usually called an epithet or a Homeric epithet, but sometimes called a Homeric epitaph, it is one of the most noticeable features of Homers Iliad and Odyssey. Epithet comes from the Greek for putting (something) on (something). It is a tag or nickname that can be used on its own or together with the real name, depending on other features of the Greek language. Purpose and Use Epithets add a bit of color and also fill out the meter when the name on its own doesnt quite fit. In addition, epithets serve as a mnemonic device reminding listeners that they have, indeed, already heard mention of the character. The epithets, generally compound adjectives, are picturesque, which certainly helps make the assignment of character to epithet memorable. Examples Most of the important people in the Iliad have a special epithet that serves as an extra name. Athena is the only one described as glaucopis grey-eyed. She is called thea glaukopis Athene goddess grey-eyed Athena and also Pallas Athene Pallas Athena. On the other hand, Hera shares her epithet leukolenos white-armed. Hera does not, however, share the longer epithet thea leukolenos Hera goddess white-armed Hera; nor does she share the epithet bouopis potnia Hera cow-eyed mistress/queen Hera. Homer never calls the Greeks Greeks. Sometimes they are Achaeans. As Achaeans, they receive the epithets well-greaved or brazen-clad Achaeans. The title anax andron lord of men is most often given to the leader of the Greek forces, Agamemnon, although it is also given to others. Achilles receives epithets based on the swiftness of his feet. Odysseus is polutlos much-suffering and polumytis of many devices, crafty. There are other epithets for Odysseus beginning with polu- many/much that Homer selects on the basis of how many syllables he needs for the meter. The messenger goddess, Iris (note: the messenger deity is not Hermes in the Iliad), is called podenemos wind-swift. Perhaps the most familiar epithet is the one used for the passage of time, rhododaktulos Eos rosy-fingered Dawn.

Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders part 2Essay Writing Service

Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders part 2Essay Writing Service Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders part 2 Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders part 2Essay on   Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders part  1Stacey  and Spohn found out consistently more lenient treatment of female offenders, even after they checked and controlled for the presumptive sentence, offenders marital status, and if the offender has dependent children. They suggest that fact of gender disparity in sentencing is not a product of insufficient controls for related variables or the use of outdated data sets (Stacey, Spohn, 2006).The effect of the offenders gender is clearly revealed by the effect of the presumptive sentence. However, the offenders gender does influence every sentence outcomes examined regardless of the fact it is a legally forbidden basis for judicial and prosecutorial decisions.Researchers have found out that female offenders are more likely than male offenders to get a downward departure for providing substantial assistance. Besides, female offenders who received that type of departure usually received a larger sentence discount than male offenders in similar situations. All offenders included in the study conducted by Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn, were convicted of drug crimes, which means that substantial assistance departures would have been given primarily to offenders who was able to provide information leading to the arrest and prosecution of other members in their drug distribution network. It seems doubtful that women would have that type of information or that female offenders would be more likely than male ones to be willing to exchange the information they had for a lighter sentence. Prosecutors may use the action for substantial help to mitigate the sentences of sympathetic offenders, no matter whether they have information they are willing to trade; if female drug offenders get more sympathy than male ones, they are more likely to get substantial assistance departures. On the other hand, there is a possibility that female drug offenders have been arrested and prosecuted in court with the expectation that they would give information about the drug-dealing activities of their boyfriends or husbands. This issue should also be studied, as the topic of equality in criminal justice system is of great importance.Another fact is worth mentioning. While all rehabilitation programs are ready to help all people with criminal past despite their gender, there is a number of programs and services especially for women. For example, Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP): Female Offenders provides female offenders with appropriate help to meet the physical, psychological and social needs of this group. National Directory of Programs for Women with Criminal Justice Involvement provides information about programs available in each state that provide assistance and guidance for women involved in the justice system.Female prisoners constantly attract the attention of the media. However, many experts in the United States say that r esearch in this area is carried out on the insufficient level. Amount of research devoted to the problem of women in prison is just enough to set the existing specific difference in the performance and the serving of sentences in comparison with men. In general, womens community in the United States is characterized by a smaller prison violence, more harmony, less destructive nature of the subculture as compared to men of the prison community (Nagel, Johnson, 2004).Ward and J. Kassebaum investigated violations in prison related to sexual perversions. As a result, they concluded that in the majority of cases in the womens community forced sexual contact is absent.Studies of R. Gialombardo note that in contrast to the male prison community, in womens prisons mutual sexual relationship characterized by harmony, role-playing family life (mom, dad, daughter, brother, sister) dominate.Heffern studied socio-psychological characteristics of women prisoners in the prison in Columbia. Accordi ng to the scientist, the womens prison community is very diverse. She identified three main categories of women prisoners.For the first category of inmates, prison is a center of life in which they are struggling with the administration and other inmates for the right to control the situation and get access to restricted services (alcohol, drugs, extra food, and so on.)The second category consists of female prisoners who have committed unintentional crime, often murder of passion. Their behavior in prison is characterized by denial of their belonging to the underworld. Throughout incarcerated they are trying to recreate in prison conditions usual for freedom, to actively maintain contact with the outside world.The third category of women prisoners are professional criminals, usually serving criminal sentences for acquisitive or selfish and violent crimes. Their behavior in prison is characterized by the adoption of external rules and regulations established by the administration. Ho wever, this behavior is aimed at an early parole for the continuation of the criminal way of life.Tightening of criminal law in the 1980s had a great impact on the growth of female population in prisons of the United States (since 1984 the number of female convicted increased by 100%, men by 51%). Main number of women has been convicted of theft and crime related to drugs. Sufficient number of women were convicted of the murder of husbands or partners, who were violent to them. Thus, the National Council on Offenses of the United States stated that womens prisons in the mid-1990s were significantly overcrowded. This fact has contributed to the development of criminal procedural law of a wider range of measures and penalties, non-custodial from society (Samaha, 2008).It is believed that the majority of female offences does not significantly affect the physical or psycho-social sphere of the person or the society. D. Wagner watched liberated women for 2 years and found that women were 44% less likely than men to commit crime again. According to various sources the number of women who have committed repeated crimes amounts 17% of the total number of women released from prison. While the number of male offenders is approaching 40%. It has also been noted that women commit far fewer crimes if they are in the focus of attention of various community-based services (social, psychological, medical, and others.). The majority of female prisoners have serious economic, medical, psychological and social problems. Especially these problems are exacerbated and come to the attention only in prison.Special social programs for women are more effective than imprisonment. In Pennsylvania, for example, the implementation of such programs on female offenders has significantly reduced repeat offenses. Sample of 1,000 people who participated in the program showed a relapse only in 3.2% of cases. Measures such as house arrest, intensive support are also an effective alternative to im prisonment in case of direct exposure. Thus, the modern American penal science focuses not on punitive, but humanistic traditions in the correction of female convicts.EthicsCriminality of women and its prevention is most acute at the moment, because according to statistics there is a steady increase in female crime in our country. Many scientists have set a goal to explain the phenomenon of female criminality. Scientific community is still debating regarding the psychological or innate biological nature of female criminality, its exogenous or endogenous.Endogenous theory of crime explains the phenomenon of womens criminalization based on psychogenetic factors. It is known that one of the founders of criminology Cesare Lombroso suggested mental predisposition of women to commit crimes. Thus, even the occasional criminals, in his opinion, discover because of the conditions of life, the fraction of moral perversion, which is peculiar to every woman who is in her ordinary conditions in a latent state (Samaha, 2008).Supporters of biological criminology perceive causes of female crime in the physiological and biological characteristics of human. In particular, some scholars of the school explain female aggressiveness through hromosomnogonabora anomalies. Thus, in the normal condition sex chromosomes of women should be of the form XX and of a man XY. Scientists believe that the cause of female aggression lies in the presence of the chromosome of XXY set in some women, ie that they have the extra male chromosome. Authors of endocrine biological theories find the origins of aggression in the anomalies functioning of the endocrine glands and the development of an increased amount of substances that cause nervousness and aggression, such as testosterone.However, a direct correlation between the number of criminal convictions and biological inclinations of women haven’t been found. It is likely that the biological inclinations effect female criminality in an indire ct way: particular qualities of the physiology of women are responsible for their role in society and have thus an impact on the behavior of women, including their criminal behavior and violence.Factors that are considered to be causes of female crime, can be divided into four groups:1) adverse processes in the field of culture, changing the concept of womens culture, its replacement by a variety of substitutes;2) socio-political situation in the country;3) professional activities of women;4) family life and domestic sphere;The first group of factors include:underestimation of the importance of traditional womens society functions (the birth and upbringing of children, housekeeping)priority of male activities (civil service, industry, commerce);depravity of the womens movement that encourages women to perform male functions.These factors lead to a gradual loss of womens culture phenomena such as femininity, meek​​, tenderness, mercy.The second group could includes:incr eased criminality culture imposed on the media;economic crisis, low level of life, unemployment (and the proportion of women among overall unemployed is around 70%);criminal rationalism of being, i.e. limiting the possibility of certain groups of population to provide a normal life by legal means;insecurity, which provokes drug addiction and alcoholism.We should also mention the international conflicts, which represent one of the most criminogenic phenomena. As a result of armed conflicts, women lose their husbands, relatives, place of living. Single women and girls are often subjected to abuse, resulting usually with severe psychological trauma, which significantly reduces the ability to control committed actions.Generating female criminality factors associated with work (the third group) include:deficiencies of legal regulation of womens work (employment problems, inadequate working conditions, lower than men wages);lack of social support for working women (inadequate protection o f labor, lack of child care and employee social benefits).Factors related to the family and household sphere (fourth group) are:family conflicts (in the parent or own family);negative impact of the husband or cohabiting partner (incitement to crime);lack of permanent residence;aggressive advertising of beautiful and fashionable clothes, which combined with the low standard of living creates motivation to commit acquisitive crime.Speaking of female criminal motivation, it should be noted that under normal conditions, women do not tend to commit crimes. Usually dramatic circumstances of their own life push them to the criminal acts and violence. Undoubtedly, approach of division of crime based on gender makes sense, as both quantitative and qualitative content of female criminality has its own peculiarities and differences than male crime. With regard to the quantitative features and differences, for centuries female criminality has always been much inferior than men’s one. The modern pace and style of life force women to take on traditionally male function, which leads to the perception of the elements of male culture, enabling them to assert themselves, but leaves deep psychological frustration and guilt. Hence the feeling of hostility of the world, uncertainty, and as a result, the likely protective aggression, bitterness, social maladjustment.Modern society is constantly developing, social and political attitudes are changing, previously recognized in our society values and moral are replaced by new ones, spiritual culture falls, traditions and customs are broken, the role of woman as a house person changes. The ratio of the level of crime committed by women, to the level of crimes committed by men, equals 1:6. This is despite the fact that the number of women in the country is higher than the number of men (Greenfeld, Snell, 1999).With regard to the qualitative features and differences, we should note that the statistics show that the ratio of selfis h and violent crimes, and other crimes committed by women is different from the situation of men. There are crimes with reflected pattern, formed under the influence of a particular characteristic specifically for women nature or situation in a certain period. The character of changes of female crime does not always coincide with altered male crime.All these factors have a definite impact on female crime and the forms of its manifestation.   It is known that women are more exposed, both physically and mentally weaker than men. But at the same time, women are faster and easier to adapt to the rapidly changing realities of life. Criminality of women is different from mens crime in nature of the crime and its consequences, and in the methods and tools of the crime and the choice of the victim and the confluence of family circumstances. Crimes of women are different from crimes committed by men, they are more emotional, rash. The most common among women are crimes of theft of personal , state and public property, this category of crimes is 15% of the total crime committed by women.Infanticide is a typical crime for women. Recently there has been an upward trend in this category of crimes, especially clearly this trend is manifested in the countryside. Noteworthy is also the prevalence of violent crime among female prisoners, according to statistics, 2% of women are persons convicted of murder and attempted murder, 3% convicted of grievous bodily harm, more than 4% for robbery and aggravated assault in order to capture state, public and personal property.Women most often commit robberies in urban areas, this is due to the fact that cities have more shops, foodservice.   Besides, the larger number of population in urban areas played an important role, since the great mass of the population makes it difficult to reveal this category of crime. Among women, who commit robbery, there are a lot of females, who commit this type of crime constantly, vagrants and begga rs who have no permanent residence. This category of offenders is the most difficult one in terms of conducting variety of activities for the prevention of crimes and criminals correction.Essay on   Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders part  3

Marketing strategy (bringing StarBuck to Trinidad and Tobago) Research Paper

Marketing strategy (bringing StarBuck to Trinidad and Tobago) - Research Paper Example Starbucks has successfully created its position as the best place for socializing other than office and home. The only way to enter the new markets is to implement the same global marketing strategy that it has been following for each of its expansion plan. Hence, it should slowly enter the markets of Trinidad and Tobago so that the customers in the region accept the concept of specialty coffee shops and enjoy the amazing ambiance of the outlet. ... The primary aim of Starbucks is to establish itself as â€Å"a highly respected and recognized brand in the international market† (Starbucks, 2012). Situational Analysis of Starbucks Current Marketing strategy After careful analysis of the marketing strategies highlighted by Michael Porter, cited by Alison (2010), Starbucks is following a differentiation strategy. Initially, the main element of its business activities was to focus on particular aspects with strong emphasis on creating differentiated products within the target consumer market. However, the company soon realized that it needs to strengthen its position in the market by developing a differentiation strategy and the success of Starbucks is evident from the fact that it has developed an excellent marketing mix for its customers. In order to expand its operations in the international market, it is offering same â€Å"coffee experience† to the international customers by providing them premium quality products and aesthetically designed ambiance (Tu, Wang & Chang, 2012). It has ensured that there is uniformity in its marketing activities by using only third party mediums for promoting its product and service offerings. According to Michelli (2007), Starbucks has allocated only 4% of its total cost on the advertising budget. One of the key elements of differentiation strategy is to introduce new and innovative products in the market and Starbucks has been exceeding its customers’ expectations by offering them products that are totally different from existing ones (Parayani, 2011). The innovation element of its marketing strategy gives it a competitive edge in the specialty coffee industry. In order to ensure that it develops entirely new offerings, a huge amount of money is invested in

Consumers as Victims of Fashion Manipulation Essay

Consumers as Victims of Fashion Manipulation - Essay Example Fashion is a word that everyone admires and all want to be fashionable to be accepted in the egoistic society in which life prospers today. Everything from the color of the handkerchief to the perfume used is a criterion to measure the position of the person in the society. It is more or less a pseudo-prestige donor that the people rush behind it even if their pockets and wallets do not permit. They are compelled to do so by many factors around. To be precise, they are manipulated to consume certain standard of products in the society so as to make others approve them. It is basic human nature to have an urge for praise and admiration and the manipulating factors are well versed with this fact. It is, therefore, a necessity to study the situation and suggest possible solutions for the situation. The study presented here is based on the topic and the method used is secondary literature analysis. Websites like google.com and wikipedia.org are used for the collection of various data. Th e concepts introduced are supported by the examples of various advertisements shown on media. Fashion is a relative concept. Being fashionable is also the same. Fashion has changed from time to time. It is more or less prestige that rules the industry more than anything else. Fashion and being fashionable can be seen as the second side of the coin. The other side is that of consumption. Every fashionable being is expected to spend as much as possible to gain the best possible fashionable attire or accessory.